In this paper, recommended spiral passive micromixer was designed and simulated. spiral design has the potential to create and strengthen the centrifugal force and the secondary flow. A series of simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel width, channel depth, the gap between loops, and flowrate on the micromixer performance. These features impact the contact area of the two fluids and ultimately lead to an increment in the quality of the mixture. In this study, for the flow rate of 25 μl/min and molecular diffusion coefficient of 1×10-10 m2/s, mixing efficiency of more than 90% is achieved after 30 (approximately one-third of the total channel length). Finally, the optimized design fabricated using proposed 3D printing method.

Recognizing causal elements and causal relations in the text is among the challenging issues in natural language processing (NLP), specifically in low-resource languages such as Persian. In this research, we prepare a causality human-annotated corpus for the Persian language. This corpus consists of 4446 sentences and 5128 causal relations. Three labels of Cause, Effect, and Causal mark are specified to each relation, if possible. We used this corpus to train a system for detecting causal elements’ boundaries. Also, we present a causality detection benchmark for three machine-learning methods and two deep learning systems based on this corpus. Performance evaluations indicate that our best total result is obtained through the CRF classifier, which provides an F-measure of 0. 76. In addition, the best accuracy (91. 4%) is obtained through the BiLSTM-CRF deep learning method

In this research, in order to investigate the effect of the piezoelectric patch which is used as a sensor or actuator in rotating flexible structures such as a helicopter blade, the free vibrations of the rotating rectangular sheet with and without the piezoelectric patch have been presented. First-order shear deformation theory is considered for plate displacement and piezoelectric field. Considering the effect of Coriolis acceleration, centrifugal acceleration and centrifugal in-plane forces, the equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle and the electromechanical couple equation is obtained from Maxwell's equation. For piezoelectric, two electrical conditions, open circuit and closed circuit, which are used in sensors and actuators, respectively, have been considered. The equations are discretized with the help of the numerical method of generalized differential squares and the matrices of inertia mass, eccentricity, Coriolis and stiffness matrix are obtained. Natural frequency values for beam and rotating plate have been compared in Abaqus software. Also, the values obtained from the numerical solution in MATLAB have been verified with articles and ABAQUS, which have high accuracy. The effect of parameters such as hub radius, rotation speed, sheet thickness, aspect ratio, piezoelectric patch thickness and applied voltage on the natural frequency of the system has also been investigated.

Plastic hinge properties play a crucial role in predicting the nonlinear response of structural elements. The plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete normal beams has been previously studied experimentally and analytically. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete deep beams and its comparison with normal beams through finite element simulation. To do so, ten beams contain six deep beams, and four normal beams, under concentrated and uniformly distributed loading, are investigated. Lengths in the plastic hinge region involving curvature localization, rebar yielding, and concrete crushing zones are studied. The results indicate that the curvature localization zone is not suitable for the prediction of plastic hinge length in reinforced concrete deep beams. Based on the results it can be stated that in simply supported normal beams the concrete crushing zone is focused on the middle span, but in simply supported deep beams by creating a compression strut between loading place and support, the concrete crushing zone spreads along the compression trajectory. The rebar yielding zone of simply supported beams increases as the loading type is changed from the concentrated load at the middle to the uniformly distributed load.

The proposition “ Any essentially possible being requires a cause” must be considered as the precise wording of the causality principle. This is because according to principality of quiddity, the essential possibility is the criterion for quiddity’ s need of a cause, and according to the principality of existence, it is the sign for the of need of its existence to a cause. As for the attributes of the things, this principle is stated as “ the accidental is caused” . This is in contrast to “ the essential is not caused” which refers to the fact that the thing’ s essential attributes do not require a cause. The causality principle is itself a certain statement of the special mode of the principle of “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” and is reduced to it. Thus, as far as self-evidence and non-self-evidence as well as provability and non-provability are concerned, it follows that principle; and as that principle is non-provable evident, so is the causality principle. From the principle of “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” , another principle is derived as follows: the principle of “ impossibility of giving preponderance without a preponderant” which is the statement of the principle “ impossibility of preponderance without a preponderant” for the free-willed agent and his volitional actions, and is non-provable evident just like it.

causality is one of the most important philosophical problems which has undergone vast semantic changes in the course of history. This process has sometimes occurred in the mould of empirical explanation and sometimes in the mould of philosophical explanation. The vastness of such changes has led some thinkers to believe that there is a large semantic gap between metaphysical and natural kinds of causality, and the relationship between them is merely of the type of homonymy. The spread of this view among some philosophers and scholars has made any kind of agreement among them impossible. As a result, no comparative study can be carried out in these two fields concerning their shared concepts. Although some of the followers of the Transcendent Philosophy advocate the same view, the philosophical principles of Mulla Sadra have removed any kind of breach or borderline between these two fields and defines them in the same way. Accordingly, it can be claimed that natural causality is the degraded form of metaphysical causality and, thus, the unison of the two fields, their proximity to each other, and any interaction between them will be inevitable.

The question that the principle of causality, i.e, the existential, essential relation between two things, is in compatibility with which one of such philosophical systems as "principiality of quiddity","difference of existents", and "gradability of existence" is to be asnwered in this essay. To do so, the writer explains three ways followed by Muslim philosophers in order to explore and prove such principle.

One of the main objectives of the study of the causes of historical events and important historical studies. In the present article in the first place, the four kinds of causalities that are used for historical explanation, that is, necessary and insufficient condition, sufficient and unnecessary condition, necessary and sufficient condition, and unnecessary and insufficient condition, are explained. History-based researchers of social sciences mainly search for specific results in one or few cases. Attempts have been made in the preset study to show that such historical analyses normally rely on counterfactual analysis. In other words, it is argued that if one tries to conduct a causal study of the past or evaluate a historical explanation, there is no other option than relying on counterfactual analysis. In the next step, the relationship between causal analysis with historical chain explanations has been studied. These analyses refer to the sequence or interconnected causal factors and explain historical events through interconnected events that unfold in the process of time.

Kant has attempted to response Hume's objections on the relation of cause and effect. In this regard, most exponents have concentrated on the second analogy and probably on the transcendental deduction; however, the right thing to do is to call attention to the most of components of criticism including the concept of time, metaphysical deduction, transcendental deduction, constitution-making, and especially the second analogy. In response to Hume, Kant has made an attempt to show the synthetic relation of the cause and the caused in the concept of object, and thereby to demonstrate the objective validity of causality. The paper in the first place presents an account and explanation of Kant's view and then deals with the criticism of it.